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- From: marsthom@coriolis.UUCP (marsthom)
- Newsgroups: alt.drugs
- Subject: D M T
- Message-ID: <RgN791w164w@coriolis.UUCP>
- Date: 2 Oct 91 09:13:14 GMT
-
- Had this sitting around on disc...
-
-
- EXCERPTS from:
-
- ===========================================================================
- The Psychedelic Model of Schizophrenia: The Case of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
-
- by Gillin, Kaplan, Stillman & Wyatt
-
- "American Journal of Psychiatry" 133;2 pp.203-208, February 1976
- ===========================================================================
-
-
- Abstract:
-
- The authors review the research on N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) as a
- possible "schizotoxin". DMT produces psychedelic effects when administered
- to normal subjects, the means are present to synthesize it in man, it has
- occasionally been found in man, and tolerance to its behavioral effects
- is incomplete. Hovever, DMT concentrations have not been proven to differ
- significantly in schizophrenics and normal controls. Also, in vivo synthesis
- of DMT has not been convincingly demonstrated, and the psychological
- changes it produces do not closely mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia.
- The authors conclude that more data are necessary before the validity
- of this theory can be determined.
-
-
-
- DOES DMT PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT SCHIZOPHRENIC-LIKE SYMPTOMS?
-
- In 1956 Szara (9) found that the effects of DMT on 20 normal volunteer
- subjects were similar to those of LSD and mescaline: visual illusions and
- hallucinations, distortions of spatial perception and body image, speech
- disturbances, and euphoria. A striking finding was that the effects of DMT
- began within 5 minutes and ended within 1 hour after injection. Similar
- results have since been reported by Rosenberg and associates (10) and Turner
- and Merlis (5).
-
- In order to reexamine the psychological effects of DMT and to correlate them
- with pharmacokinetic aspects, we administered .7mg/kg of DMT intramuscularly
- to 15 make volunteers. Each subject was an experienced user of LSD,
- mescaline, or other psychedelic substances who expressed an intention to
- continue using these agents in the future. All subjects were intereviewed by
- two psychiatrists and were given a complete medical history and examination
- prior to testing in order to ensure the absence of psychiatric and physical
- impairment.
-
- Like previous investigators, we found that DMT was a hallucinogen with rapid
- action and a short duration of effect. Psychological changes were evident
- within 5 minutes of injection, peaked at about 10 to 15 minutes, and ended
- within 45 to 120 minutes. The major psychological effects are shown in table
- 1. The subjects became so uncommunicative and withdrawn during the drug
- experience that we were forced to inquire about the subjective effects with
- simple "yes-no" questions. Although all subjects reported visual distortions
- and illusions, these were color or spatial distortions rather than formed
- visual hallucinations. Only 1 subject reported an auditory hallucination, a
- "buzzing bee" in his ear. We did not observe formal loosening of
- associations, although several subjects seemed to have thought blocking. Two
- subjects had paranoid symptoms that lasted less than an hour.
-
- These psychological changes were accompanied by mydriasis, tachycardia, and
- increased blood pressure. Blood levels of DMT (see figure 2), assayed by a
- gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) isotopic dilution technique,
- closely paralleled the psychological and autonomic changes (11). Peak
- concentrations of DMT, which averaged approximately 100 ng/ml, were reached
- about 10 to 15 minutes after injection; the concentration then fell rapidly
- to baseline, undetectable levels within about 45 to 120 minutes after
- administration.
-
-
- TABLE 1.
-
- Subjective Effects of DMT Experienced by 15 Normal Volunteer Subjects
-
-
- --------------------------------- -------
- Subjective Effects Percent
- --------------------------------- -------
- Visual hallucinations 100
- Hallucinations with eyes closed 100
- Movement of surroundings 93
- Difficulty talking 93
- Difficulty describing feelings 93
- Relaxation 93
- Difficulty concentrating 93
- Colors seem brighter 87
- Excitation 87
- Thinking faster 87
- Dry mouth 87
- Tenseness 80
- People look different 75
- Depersonalization 60
- Nausea 60
- People have orange-red hue 53
- Hallucinating "real things" 27
- Paranoia 20
- Auditory hallucinations 7
- --------------------------------- -------
-
-
-
-
-
- FIGURE 2.
-
- Mean DMT Concentrations in Whole Blood Following Injection of DMT
- in 15 Normal Volunteers.
-
-
- 140+
- |
- |
- | +
- 120+ | Blood DMT Concentrations (ng/ml)
- | |
- | |
- | |
- 100+ *
- | .|.
- | ..|.
- | . | .
- 80+ . | .
- | + . + .
- | | . . +
- | | . .|
- 60+ |. |
- | |. *
- | * |.
- | .| | .
- 40+ .| + .
- | . | .
- | . | . . +
- | . + . .* . . . . .
- 20+ . + . . . . +
- | . . . . . .*.
- | . + .
- |. .
- 0*---------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--//--*----
- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 // 120
-
- Time After Injection (minutes)
-
-
-
-
-
- DOES TOLERANCE TO DMT DEVELOP?
-
- Tolerance to LSD, mescaline and psilocybin develops rapidly in man and
- animals, for some if not all behavioral effects.
-
- In our initial efforts, we found that tolerance did not develop to
- unconditioned behavioral and EEG effects of DMT in cats administered DMT
- twice daily for 15 days or every 2 hours for 24 hours (34). Also, lack of
- behavioral tolerance has been reported in squirrel monkeys given DMT once
- daily for 38 days (35).
-
- More recently, we studied the issue of tolerance in normal male volunteers
- who received 0.7 mg/kg of DMT intramuscularly twice daily for 5 days.
- Repeated administration did not consistently alter the peak blood
- concentration of DMT; autonomic changes in pupil size, pulse, or heart rate;
- the number of psychological items changed in a psychological scale; or the
- frequency of errors in a test requiring the subject to cross out a specific
- number in a list of random numbers. Three of the 4 subjects reported
- diminished subjective "highs" on a scale of 0 to 10 after two to four
- injections of DMT, but their subjective responses were variable from trial to
- trial and did not indicate a general loss of responsiveness to DMT. Rather,
- these subjects exhibited a variable or aperiodic partial tolerance to DMT.
- This pattern is reminiscent of Koella and associates' report of a cyclic
- change in ambulation produced by LSD in goats (36). Further studies,
- including longer or more frequent trials with DMT, are neccesary to fully
- evaluate this phenomenon.
-
- This type of variable tolerance has also been reported recently by Kovacic
- and Domino(37), who studied the supressive effects of DMT on the operant
- behavior of appetitively conditioned rats who were given DMT every 2 hours
- for periods of up to 21 days.
-
- Boszormenyi and Szara (38) reported that schizophrenics do show diminished
- responsiveness to DMT, this may result from increased metabolism or variable
- tolerance resulting from long-term endogenous synthesis of DMT.
-
-
- (5) Turner WJ, Merlis S: Effect of some indolealkylamines in man.
- Arch Neurol Psychiatry 81:121-129, 1959
- ...
-
- (9) Szara S; Dimethyltryptamine: its metabolism in man:
- the relation of its psychotic effect to serotonin metabolism.
- Experientia 12:441-442, 1956
-
- (10) Rosenberg DE, Isbell H, Miner EJ; Comparison of placebo,
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and 6-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine in man.
- Psychopharmacol 4;39-42, 1963
-
- (11) Kaplan J, Mandel LR, Stillman R, et al; Blood and urine levels of
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine following administration of psychoactive
- doses to human subjects. Psychopharmacologia 38;239-245, 1956
- ...
-
- (34) Gillin JC, Cannon E, Magyar R, et al; Failure of N,N-dimethyltryptamine
- to evoke tolerance in cats. Biol Psychiatry 7;213-220, 1973
-
- (35) Cole JM, Pieper WA; The effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on operant
- behavior in squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacologia 29;107-112, 1973
-
- (36) Koella WP, Beaulieu RF, Bergen JR; Stereotyped behavior and cyclic
- changes in response produced by LSD in goats.
- Int J Neuropharmacol 3;398-403, 1964
-
- (37) Kovacic B, Domio EF; Tolerance to behavioral effects of
- dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the rat (abstract). Fed Proc 33;549, 1974
-
- (38) Boszormenyi A, Szara S; Dimethyltryptamine experiments with psychotics.
- J Mental Sci 104;445-453, 1958
-
-
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- 12-JUN-91
- Proc 33;549, 1974
-
- (38) Boszormenyi A, Szara S; Dimethyltryptamine experiments with psychotics.
- J Mental Sci 104;445-453, 1958
-
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- 12-JUN-91
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